Monolete Spores

 

1. Perine absent

2. Verrucate, but verrucae small and scattered; grain < 42 m

Athyrium filix-femina

2’ Psilate to dimpled

3. Wall faintly undulate across entire surface (dimpled)

Gymnocarpium drypoteris

3’ Wall smooth, structureless

Polypodiaceae s.p.p. (includes Onoclea sensibilis)

1’ Perine present

4. Perine loose (a bean in a pod), psilate-scabrate; ragged in region of laesurae

Isoetes

4’ Perine variously sculptured, not psilate-scabrate

5. Perine echinate; echinae variable

Thelypteris palustris (Thelypteris phegopteris)

5’ Perine not echinate

6. Perine saccate (with distinct hollow lumps)

Dryopteris-type (includes Dryopteris austriaca and D. cristata)

6’ Perine lophate- cristate (wrinkle-wrapped); crests few, 1-4, sometimes as long as spore

Matteuccia struthiopteris

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